In biology and human medicine, gravidity and parity are the number of times a woman is or has been pregnant (gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity).^[1] These terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional terms, to indicate more details of the woman's obstetric history.^[2] When using these terms:

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• Gravida indicates the number of times a woman is or has been pregnant, regardless of the pregnancy outcome.^[3] A current pregnancy, if any, is included in this count. Multiple pregnancy is counted as 1.
• Parity, or 'para', indicates the number of pregnancies reaching viable gestational age (including live births and stillbirths). The number of fetuses does not determine the parity.^[3] Twin pregnancy carried to viable gestational age is counted as 1.
• Abortus is the number of pregnancies that were lost for any reason, including induced abortions or miscarriages. The abortus term is sometimes dropped when no pregnancies have been lost. Stillbirths are not included.^{[citation needed]}

Gravidity in humans[edit]

In human medicine, 'gravidity' refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant,^[1] regardless of whether the pregnancies were interrupted or resulted in a live birth.

• The term 'gravida' can be used to refer to a pregnant woman.
• A 'nulligravida' is a woman who has never been pregnant.
• A 'primigravida' is a woman who is pregnant for the first time or has been pregnant one time.
• A 'multigravida' or 'secundigravida' is a woman who has been pregnant more than one time.

Terms such as 'gravida 0', referring to a nulligravida, 'gravida 1' for a primigravida, and so on, can also be used. The term 'elderly primigravida' has also been used to refer to a woman in their first pregnancy, who is at least 35 years old.^[4]Advanced maternal age can be a risk factor for some birth defects.

Gravidity in biology[edit]

In biology, the term 'gravid' (Latin: gravidus 'burdened, heavy'^[5]) is used to describe the condition of an animal (most commonly fish or reptiles) when carrying eggs internally. For example, Astatotilapia burtoni females can transform between reproductive states, one of which is gravid, and the other non-gravid. In entomology it describes a mated female insect.

Parity[edit]

Parity is the number of pregnancies >20 weeks (duration varies from region to region, 20 - 28 weeks, depending upon age of viability).

Download hair farm 2012 keygen for mac. A woman who has never carried a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks is nulliparous and is called a nullipara or para 0.^[6] A woman who has given birth once before is primiparous and is referred to as a primipara or primip. A woman who has given birth two, three, or four times is multiparous and is called a multip. Grand multipara describes the condition of having given birth five or more times.^[7]

Like gravidity, parity may also be counted. A woman who has given birth one or more times can also be referred to as para 1, para 2, para 3, and so on.

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Viable gestational age varies from region to region.

In agriculture, parity is a factor in productivity in domestic animals kept for milk production. Animals that have given birth once are described as 'primiparous'; those that have given birth more than once are described as 'pluriparous'.^[8][9] Those that have given birth twice may also be described as 'secondiparous', in which case 'pluriparous' is applied to those that have given birth three times or more.

Nulliparity[edit]

A nulliparous (/nʌlˈɪpərəs/) woman (a nullipara or para 0) has never given birth. It includes woman who have experienced spontaneous miscarriages and induced abortions before the mid-point of pregnancy, but not woman who have experienced pregnancy loss after 20 weeks.

Prolonged nulliparity (/ˌnʌlɪˈpærɪti/) is a risk factor for breast cancer. For instance, a meta-analysis of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that never giving birth was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer compared with women who have given birth, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Women having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.^[10]

Recording systems[edit]

A number of systems are incorporated into a woman's obstetric history to record the number of past pregnancies and pregnancies carried to viable age. These include:

• The gravida/para/abortus (GPA) system, or sometimes just gravida/para (GP), is one such shorthand.^{[citation needed]} For example, the obstetric history of a woman who has had two pregnancies (both of which resulted in live births) would be noted as G₂P₂. The obstetric history of a woman who has had four pregnancies, one of which was a miscarriage before 20 weeks, would be noted in the GPA system as G₄P₃A₁ and in the GP system as G₄P₃. The obstetric history of a woman who has had one pregnancy of twins with successful outcomes would be noted as G₁P₁₊₁.^[11]
• TPAL is one of the methods to provide a quick overview of a person's obstetric history.^[12] In TPAL, the T refers to term births (after 37 weeks' gestation), the P refers to premature births, the A refers to abortions, and the L refers to living children.^[13] When reported, the 'abortions' number refers to the total number of spontaneous or induced abortions and miscarriages, including ectopic pregnancies, prior to 20 weeks. If a fetus is aborted after 20 weeks, spontaneously or electively, then it is counted as a premature birth and P will increase but L will not.^{[citation needed]} The TPAL is described by numbers separated by hyphens. Multiple births (twins, triplets and higher multiples) count as one pregnancy (gravidity) and as one birth. For example, a pregnant woman who carried one pregnancy to term with a surviving infant; carried one pregnancy to 35 weeks with surviving twins; carried one pregnancy to 9 weeks as an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy; and has three living children would have a TPAL annotation of T1, P1, A1, L3. This could also be written as 1-1-1-3.
• The term GTPAL is used when the TPAL is prefixed with gravidity, and GTPALM when GTPAL is followed by number of multiple pregnancies.^[13] For example, the gravidity and parity of a woman who has given birth at term once and has had one miscarriage at 12 weeks would be recorded as G2 T1 P0 A1 L1. This notation is not standardized and can lead to misinterpretations.^[6]

Though similar, GPA should not be confused with the TPAL system, the latter of which may be used to provide information about the number of miscarriages, preterm births, and live births by dropping the 'A' from 'GPA' and including four separate numbers after the 'P', as in G₅P₃₁₁₄. This TPAL form indicates five pregnancies, with three term births, one preterm birth, one induced abortion or miscarriage, and four living children.^[14]

Criticism[edit]

In humans, it can lead to some ambiguity for events occurring between 20 and 24 weeks,^[15] and for multiple pregnancies.^[16]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abBorton, Chloe (November 12, 2009). 'Gravidity and Parity Definitions (and their Implications in Risk Assessment)'. Patient.info. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
2. ^Creinin, MD; Simhan, HN (Mar 2009). 'Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?'. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 113 (3): 709–11. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f. PMID19300338.
3. ^ ^abCunningham, Gary (2005). William Obstetrics(PDF) (22 ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 121. ISBN978-0-07-141315-2. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
4. ^Brassil MJ, Turner MJ, Egan DM, MacDonald DW (June 1987). 'Obstetric outcome in first-time mothers aged 40 years and over'. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 25 (2): 115–20. doi:10.1016/0028-2243(87)90114-6. PMID3609426.
5. ^Oxford English Dictionary^{[page needed]}
6. ^ ^abF. Gary Cunningham, 2005. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies.
7. ^'Definition of Grand multipara'. medicinenet.com.
8. ^Mehrzad J, Duchateau L, Pyörälä S, Burvenich C. (2002). Blood and milk neutrophil chemiluminescence and viability in primiparous and pluriparous dairy cows during late pregnancy, around parturition and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science '85' (12): 3268-76.
9. ^D. Vecchio, G. Neglia, M. Rendina, M. Marchiello, A. Balestrieri, R. Di Palo (2007). Dietary influence on primiparous and pluriparous buffalo fertility. Italian Journal of Animal Science '6' (Suppl. 1): 512–514.
10. ^Ewertz M, Duffy SW, Adami HO, et al. (1990). 'Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries'. International Journal of Cancer. 46 (4): 597–603. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910460408. PMID2145231.
11. ^Hatfield, Nancy; N. Jayne Klossner (2006). Introductory maternity & pediatric nursing. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 142. ISBN978-0-7817-3690-9.
12. ^http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/obgyne/tools.pdf^{[full citation needed]}
13. ^ ^abLippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series: Assessment. Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. p. 385. ISBN978-1-58255-939-1.
14. ^Bardsley CR (2011). 'Normal Pregnancy'. In Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS (eds.). Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. ^Creinin MD, Simhan HN (March 2009). 'Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?'. Obstet Gynecol. 113 (3): 709–11. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f. PMID19300338.
16. ^Opara EI, Zaidi J (October 2007). 'The interpretation and clinical application of the word 'parity': a survey'. BJOG. 114 (10): 1295–7. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01435.x. PMID17877683.